Impressionist’s Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

Impressionist’s Gender Roles Essay Manet’s Olympia (circa 1863) is a classic example of the reclining nude. This appears to be a private space as there is an attending woman included in the painting. In contrast to this Berthe Morisot’s landscape painting is a public piece, depicting people on a promenade. For Manet’s painting, the viewer relates in a blatant voyeuristic way, gazing upon the nude just as the nude gazes back at the viewer in a poised repose. Morisot’s painting is striking because she depicts women out and about, not confined to a garden persey, but out in the open (two women and a small female child). In both paintings, the women depicted appear to be of high class, since the woman in Manet’s painting has a servant and the two women in Morisot’s painting have parasols indicating that they have enough money for accoutrements. Manet’s painting is a classic gaze painting, meaning there are tones of voyeurism but that the subject gazes back at the viewer with her head held high as though she were not indeed naked. In Morisot’s painting, there is a marked distance between the subjects and the viewer allowing the viewer more freedom to gaze upon these women and their stares do not penetrate the canvas back toward the viewer. It is interesting to note that Manet’s painting depicts a nude woman who stares blatantly back at the viewer while Morisot’s painting depicts clothed women who do note even recognize the viewer’s presence into their world. Thus, the difference between and male and female painters is taken note of in this instance: The female painter does not allow her subjects to look back while the male painter has a fully nude woman strongly gaze upon the viewer.

Jewish Women: Keeping the Faith :: Essays Papers

Jewish Women: Keeping the Faith Jewish women in Tucson and Nogales played an enormous role in keeping the Jewish community intact in these areas. Women in these communities did this through their involvement in the religious institutions, including synagogues and other places of worship. The pioneer Jewish women and the Jewish women of today in the southwest had and still have dominant roles in keeping their religion alive in Arizona. To understand the breadth of women’s involvement in the development and maintenance of the religious structure in southern Arizona, specifically Tucson and Nogales I talked to a few individuals who discussed their experiences. Esther Capin and Bette Cooper are Jewish women from Nogales who grew up there during the time when Jews were first coming to that area. Theodore (Ted) Bloom’s family has played a significant role in the history of the Jewish community in Tucson. His grandmother, mother, aunt, and now his wife have truly led the way in keeping the Jewish religious tradition alive in Tucson. Finally, Alma Bongarten lives in Tucson and shared with me information about her own role and other women’s roles in the Jewish synagogues. These people together helped me piece together a very clear vision of women’s involvement in the religious aspect of the Jewish community in southern Arizona. Their involvement includes keeping the religion alive without the presence of a temple, building the first synagogue in Arizona, generally being active members of the temples, bringing the lost traditions back, and by being more present in the synagogues as religious leaders and figures. Jewish women in early Tucson and presently in Nogales have kept their religion alive without the presence of a synagogue. When Terese Marx Ferrin, Ted Bloom’s grandmother, first came to Tucson there was no temple or any place of worship for the Jews of the community. Regardless of this setback, the Jewish tradition was still present. Terese took it upon herself to keep the Torah, the religious book of Hebrew laws, in her own home. It was considered a great honor to house this sacred book. Not only did she house the Torah, but Terese would also host services at her house because of the absence of a synagogue in Tucson.

Goodnight Mister Tom Essay

Evacuating children to the country was seen as a kind and protective action to prevent them being killed or injured in the blitz. However, for some children, the move could be negative and frightening whilst for those such as William Beech it would prove a beneficial event. When the evacuees first arrive in Little Weirwold it is a massive change for many â€Å"They all looked bewildered and exhausted†. For many children the countryside was quite foreign to them. Tom exclaims to Willie â€Å"‘Ent you never seen a cow?† There are many differences between the city and the country and all need to be adjusted to. The noise level and number of people around are two things that cause Tom to feel â€Å"totally dazed† on arrival in London. All families are unique but although this can be a positive, for some it may prove negative. Despite missing his parents, Zach had a fairly happy time with Dr and Mrs Little. Robert and Christine King were, sadly, made to work too hard to the detriment of their schooling. â€Å"Robert and Christine’s mother †¦ and took them back to London. †¦ she felt they were being used as unpaid labour†. For Willie it was an extremely positive experience. Tom treats him as a caring parent and by the end of the novel – without even thinking – Will says â€Å"I’m sorry, Dad† and Tom is thrilled too â€Å" â€Å"He called me Dad† †¦ overwhelmed with happiness† For a child such as Willie, the contrast between home and Little Weirwold, the contrast between his mother and Mr Tom could not have been more extreme. His mother beat him only â€Å"soft beatings† and saw him as being â€Å"wicked †¦[ enough to be] sent to an ‘ome fer bad boys†. Willie arrives at Little Weirwold his body is covered with the evidence of his mother’s abuse. â€Å"a large multicoloured bruise on his shin and a swollen red sore beside †¦ Willie’s arms and legs were covered in bruises, weals and sores†. Tom, on the other hand, doesn’t â€Å"know nothin’ about children† but does â€Å"know enuff not to beat ‘em and make ‘em that scared.† Little Weirwold is also the place that nurtures Will in other ways. It is where he makes his first friends Zach, Carrie and Ginnie and George. This contrasts sharply with London as there he had â€Å"no friends as such. Bullied and ragged a lot by the kids†. Will’s experience of school and teachers is also vastly different. In London the teacher â€Å"didn’t like† Will and allowed the others to call him â€Å" Sillie Sissie Willie†. Tom patiently teaches Will his letters and at school he is also taught and nurtured by Mrs Black and Mrs Hartridge. The play is an opportunity for Will and once Miss Thorne sees his aptitude, she encourages and nurtures it, asking him to take the role of Scrooge. Overall, the evacuation of London children to the country in the second world war was neither cruel nor kind – for each child it was different. In Zach’s case he was safe in the country but was killed in a bombing when he went back to London. For Willie it was a positive experience in so many ways as he transforms from â€Å"Sillie Sissie Willie† to â€Å"Will†. Without the evacuation and Tom’s affection for him this transformation is unimaginable.

The Negatives of Animal Testing - 1027 Words

Many people may not realize that the majority of products in their own home have been tested on animals; from lipstick and shampoo to dish soap and foot powder. Even the white ink on an MM has been tested on animals. To some, this statement may be alarming and even disturbing – to others it may not mean much at all. Either way, the debate over animal testing has gained much popularity in recent decades. Animal testing has been done since at least 500 BC; even Aristotle experimented on animals for scientific reasoning. Around 200 AD, dissecting animals in public was actually used as a form of entertainment, people would actually go and watch someone perform a vivisection on an animal. Vivisection is when an organism is dissected while it†¦show more content†¦It is cruel and inhumane to put animals through so much agony, they can feel pain and suffering too, just like humans; they just cannot speak to stand up for themselves. Recently, a monkey was photographed saving a puppy from a tsunami in Japan. The image just proved how much the monkey cared and knew what was happening, and knew that he/she had to save the puppy and get away. Animals are smarter than most people think - they feel love, fear, and pain. Many religious traditions say that people should care for animals, treat them with respect, and try not to cause them harm or suffering (Ferdowsian). Animal testing is also unreliable. Even though animal testing is responsible for many medical breakthroughs, some of those breakthroughs could have been made without testing them on animals. The drugs that pass animal testing and get put on the market are not always safe (Scott). There was a drug called Vioxx that was proven to help mice and protect their heart, but when humans started using the drug, it caused thousands of heart attacks, many resulting in death. According to Dr. Furlong, â€Å"94% of drugs that pass animal tests fail in human clinical trials†. That is an astonishingly high number. If the results are so inaccurate, then what is the purpose of even testing on the animals? (Ferdowsian) It can also be the other way around, some drugs/chemicals may workShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing941 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece. French animal testers believed that animals were â€Å"automata† and could not feel pain or emotions. There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial, biomedical, spaceRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing1966 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing, Why it Should be Eliminated   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals have been used for scientific testing since the ages of Aristotle and Erasistratus.   Should we continue using animals as our test subjects, or is it time for a change? Many argue over whether testing on animals is good or bad, this debate has been continuous because it has both positive and negative affects. Animal testing has been the cause of many scientific breakthroughs, but, these are overthrown by the negative impact that animal testingRead MoreThe Negative Effect Of Animal Testing1989 Words   |  8 Pages DTRP Written Report by Shi Jin Foundation studies 2015 Design Technology Research Project Animal testing The negative effect of animal testing Student: S3365788 Shi Jin (Anna) Group members: Najwa Elyna Binti Rosman s3499394 Teacher : Timothy Krysko Contents Part A. Research Report 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Analysis of findings 3.1 Research question 3.2 Results Read MoreEssay about Negative Aspects of Animal Testing1257 Words   |  6 PagesAn Evil Science: ANIMALS IN RESEARCH Dating back to ancient times, animals have been used in research to advance biomedical sciences. However, the ways the human race can exploit these living creatures are absolutely evil. The main concern animal rights advocates have are not concerned with the idea of using animals in research but the way people can torture these animals. The twentieth century has witnessed some of the cruelest acts of violence in the laboratory but it has also seen the riseRead MoreWhen Discussing Ethics, We Consider The Negative And Positive1360 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing ethics, we consider the negative and positive effects certain moral lifestyles may have on human individuals, human societies, and on humanity as a whole. We debate whether or not we should act in the interest of our personal good, or on the good of others who may or may not be affected at all. Ethicists seek to identify the path which grants humanity a way to use our free will of choice so that, as a result, we suffer the least amount of consequences, or no consequences at allRead MoreAnimal Testing : Inhumane And Unmoral1351 Words   |  6 Pages Thousands of animals lose their lives for next to no reason while subject to test in laboratories that give us these products. Animal testing is inhumane and unmoral. It needs to be stopped and the public needs to be educated about what is animal testing and the negative effect it has on animals, educated on animal testing alternatives, and educated on which organizations to support in the world to get rid of animal testing. Animals are test subjects of numerous products. Animal test subjects areRead MoreThe Cruelty That Is Endured During Animal Testing1704 Words   |  7 Pagescruelty that is endured during animal testing The testing of animals in the cosmetic industry is purely inhumane, due to the fact that the benefit of testing does not prove to be as useful to offset the negative impact it has on animals, or offset the value of alternatives testing. â€Å"The thinking, feeling animals who are used in experiments are treated like nothing more than disposable laboratory equipment.† The scientist testing on animals should not treat animals like they are not living, consciousRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity-driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. An imal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Stop Testing Their Products On Animals1722 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, animal experimentation has played a significant important role in leading to new discoveries and human benefit. However, what many people tend to forget are the numbers of animal subjects that have suffered serious harm during the process of experimentation. Each day across America innocent animals are used as test subjects for products that have little to no relevance importance. Animal testing has had many negative issues arise in society in a negative way. Debating over the animal rightsRead MoreStop Using Products That Have Been Tested On Animals And Show Them The Other Choices That They Have Out Essay795 Words   |  4 Pageshave been tested on animals and show them the other choices that they have out there. Introduction: Attention Step: According to PETA, â€Å"Animals are also used in toxicity tests conducted as part of massive regulatory testing programs that are often funded by U.S. taxpayers’ money. The Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are just a few of the government agencies that subject animals to crude, painful

Starbucks’ International Operations Case Study - 1636 Words

1. Analyze entry strategies adopted by Starbucks. Starbucks adopted three different entry strategies: licencing, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. Looking at the list of the countries in which the company is present and modes of entry to each of them, we can notice that a company hardly ever decides to open their own subsidiary. It is understandable, as this mode of entry is connected with highest risk and costs. Starbucks was able to use this strategy in Canada because of some similarities to the American market. Taking into account small geographical distance between the countries, similar history and culture as well as customers’ values and lifestyles, and the same language, Starbucks could have decided that the risk is†¦show more content†¦It seems that it wanted to adopt the same strategy internationally and open as many stores as possible. However, i think they didn’t exactly realize how different foreign markets were. There are huge differences between countries in Europe or Asia, so they ca n’t be treated as one identical market. The customers have different coffee drinking habits and are used to local places offering coffee. Starbucks expected they will be able to attract more customers and that people easily shift from traditional to a new product. It overestimated demand for their coffee and underestimated competition. I think they didn’t analyze and manage this kind of risk. Perhaps they wanted to grow too fast and open too many stores while they didn’t know exactly what the future demand would be (sometimes customers are attracted to a new product only at the beginning, then they come back to the old one, they know). They also didn’t consider and prepare they licensing and joint ventures agreements very carefully, as they dicovered later how disadvantageous for the company they were. But in my opinion it is too early to say that Starbucks strategy failed. It entered the first foreign market in 1998, then next countries in 2000-2002. The case we analyze was written in 2003, which is only a couple of years after its internationalization. It is natural that at the beginning every company faces more risks than when it is well established in a country. And the best way toShow MoreRelatedInternationalisation of Starbucks1051 Words   |  5 Pagescoffee shops in Seattle as the director of retail and operations (Starbucks). Since then, Schultz s vision has transformed Starbucks into a transnational giant on a scale similar to the international growth experienced by McDonalds. By the end of 2006 the firm had a total 12,400 stores across 37 different countries (Starbucks 2006). In this essay I will explore the academic literature on international business and apply it to the case of Starbucks. I will conclude with a summary of the motivating economicRead MoreStarbucks Cor poration ( Loxcel Starbucks Map, 2016 Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pages STARBUCKS SATISH SARAVANAN VEERAVELU Northwest University: International Business BUSM 6123 11/1/2016 Professor Larry Walker â€Æ' Starbucks Corporation (Loxcel Starbucks Map, 2016) is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. It operates 23,768 locations worldwide, including 13,107 in the United States, 2,204 in China, 1,418 in Canada, 1,160 in Japan and 872 in South Korea (as of Jan 8, 2016). Starbucks (Peet s rides coffee s third wave Read MoreEssay on Starbucks Case 1724 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study #1: STARBUCKS Seattle, Washington QUESTION #1 So, what does Starbucks need to do to return to growth and profitability? Should it lower prices? Should it expand its menu? What should be its strategy? In order for Starbucks to return to growth and profitability they should focus on the cost structure and tackle the net margin issue which would increase its Return of Equity and make a better use of its existing assets to increase its Return of Assets. A strategy of this wouldRead MoreStarbucks Case Study 31195 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks case study 3 Q1. What type of departmentalization are being used? Explain your choices. Ans. Types of departmentalization being used are : a. Retail Expert b. Administrative c. Manufacturing d. Sales amp; Marketing Q2. Do you think it’s a good idea to have a president for the US division and for the international divisions? What are the advantages of such an arrangement? Disadvantages? Ans. Yes, it will be good idea to have a president for US division and internationalRead MoreStarbucks International Operations1258 Words   |  6 Pagesgiving proper credit to any outside assistance received in its preparation; 4. I cited sources of information (e.g., data, ideas, charts, etc.) and used this material to support this document. Case Study 5: Starbucks International Operations 1. World wide operations of Starbucks Starbucks created a very interesting and ultimately profitable concept to the United States when Schultz bought the company in 1987. He decided that he needed to introduce corner coffee bars such as the onesRead MoreStarbucks, An American Coffee Company1439 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks, an American coffee company which was established in the year 1971. At that time it has only one store in Seattle’s Historic Pike Place Market, Washington. It covered a long journey from that single store to hundreds and thousands of stores in different countries. It has 9 stores in Seattle till 1987. The professional management and strategies used by Howard Schultz made the company globally successful. The result of his efforts lead to the expansion of stores from 400 in US to 4700 inRead MoreSwot Analysis of Starbucks and Future Scenarios That May Affect Their Success.866 Words   |  4 PagesO.N Week 3 assignment Bus520 SWOT Analysis of Starbucks and Future Scenarios that May Affect Their Success. The complete SWOT analysis that analyzes Starbucks’ current situation and future prospects are as follows: Strengths: ââ€"  Product diversification ââ€"  Established logo, developed brand, copyrights, trademarks, website and patents ââ€"  Company operated retail stores, International stores (no franchise) ââ€"  High visibility locations to attract customers ââ€"  Valued and motivated employeesRead MoreStarbucks in China Case Study1580 Words   |  7 PagesCase - Starbucks in China Group 11 21-10-2012 Q1) Do you think Starbucks is a global company? Why or why not? Starbucks is one of the largest coffee shop chains in the world. In 2005 it was the leading coffeehouse retailer in the world with operations in 34 countries outside the US, counting 10.241 coffeehouses. Starbucks began its international expansion with Japan in 1995. We think Starbucks is a global company. Throughout the answer we will use Starbucks’ value chain activities to explainRead MoreCase Study Martin Textile Starbuck1000 Words   |  4 PagesQ1. What constitutes operation for your organization of which you are a member, or your place of business? Q2. Why is globalization seen as a panacea to world problems by some and an instigator of problems by others? What responsibilities should corporations have toward the country in which they operate? To their country of origin? CASE STUDY 1 MARTIN TEXTILES Question 1 Economic cost The production cost that is labour cost if Martin Textile shift its production to Mexico will be reducedRead MoreInternalization Strategies of Starbucks1727 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ History and Progress of Starbucks Internationalization in China Emerging Market Cultural Environment Starbucks articulated an entry strategy that was designed to be as inoffensive to the Chinese culture as possible. Instead of taking the conventional approach with advertising and promotions which could have been seen by potential Chinese consumers as attacking their culture of drinking tea they positioned stores in high-traffic and high visibility locations. Fowler, (2003) assert that in

Customers Desire Seamless Shopping Experiences - 1622 Words

Customers desire seamless shopping experiences. According a Gartner study, â€Å"89% of marketing leaders expect to compete primarily on the basis of customer experience.† For better consumer interactions, businesses must resolve the issues hindering buyers from making purchases. This means eliminating unnecessary headaches, like on-screen distractions and slow page loading times. Friction impedes customers from making purchases. Essentially, these obstacles deter people from buying your products. For example, forcing a visitor to create a login persuade the individual not to complete the transaction. Sources of friction can happen in every stage of the customer journey. So, learn how to remove these roadblocks to transform the customer experience. Here are seven ways to move customers through your conversion funnel: 1. Set Strategic Goals Salesforce revealed that â€Å"86% of senior-level marketers say that it’s absolutely critical or very important to create a cohesive customer journey.† If you’re ready to tackle the friction that is causing customers to leave your site, start with understanding the â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† behind their expectations and perceptions. Set a clear path with strategic goals. Illustrate your customer’s goals at each stage. Then, determine whether those goals evolve as the journey progresses. For instance, a prospective B2B SaaS customer may want extensive information about the product, whereas a long-term customer may need a refresher on how to use oldShow MoreRelatedSmartphone Penetration Is Contributing Towards The Growth Of The Industry1004 Words   |  5 PagesIn the last few years, online shopping has secured consumer buying power with the help of mobile devices. According to an IBM report, mobile traffic accounted for 45 percent of all online traffic for the 2014 holiday season. We’re witnessing the next frontier of mobile ecommerce. Smartphone penetration is contributing towards the growth of the industry. People with smartphones represent 25% of the global population. As these devices become more accessible, we are likely to see mobile apps expandRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Adidas Retail Store1011 Words   |  5 PagesAdidas Retail Store – Bluewater, Kent Two weeks ago, I visited the Adidas store in Bluewater, Kent to do some shopping before heading back on the road to catch the Eurotunnel to Paris, this was one of my best shopping experience thus far. The Adidas store in Bluewater is truly outstanding; the store has an amazing football stadium atmosphere (complete with display lights) that can be experienced and as soon as you walk into the tunnel shaped entrance you can hear the football crowd cheering youRead MoreThe Appraisal Of Whole Foods993 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts are higher. †¢ Customer Experience: The organizational culture within WFM has become a staple of the brand image. Due to low turnover over rates and high employee satisfacition levels, WFM is able to provide consumer with an elite customer expereince; one that keeps them returning. VRIN Testing: Through the VRIN testing model, three core competencies were defined. Those being brand reputation, the relationships with suppliers, and the overall customer experience. These three factors areRead MoreHm370 Hospitality Management Paper1160 Words   |  5 Pagestogether to create a successful enterprise. It is a industry largely dependent on image and the desire to cater to their guest every need. Regardless of what scale or specialty the organization is, mastery of hospitality management is essential to its success. To understand how to master the guest experiences, one must first define hospitality management, then experience firsthand their enterprise from the experience of the guest. Below is an example of a recent stay my wife and I had at the Palms PlaceRead MoreMarket Analysis: Apple and iOS 7762 Words   |  3 Pagestechnological developments in the marketplace. However, for several years and particularly underscored by the passing of founding visionary Steve Jobs, Apple h as been accused of treading water with its most recent product releases. This would be magnified by customer grievances with the unsatisfying product changes driving the release of the iPhone 5 in 2012. 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To that end, DoorDash operates not only as a customer acquisition company, but also as a logistics company focused on food delivery. DoorDash is disrupting the old way that food is delivered to customers by interjecting an intermediary. In addition, while DoorDash only focuses on food delivery at present, it plans to expand to non-food areas and use its logistical deliveryRead MoreHow These Web Design Hacks Will Boost Website Conversions : An Analysis1329 Words   |  6 PagesThis is the reason, competition is getting tougher day by day. There are a number of online shopping platforms presents all around the globe, and users have no problem bouncing from one website to another in order to find their desired products. With the limitless number of options available literally at their fingertips, it is important for web marketers to go beyond to meet consumers’ needs and desires in the best way possible. 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Peoplesoft Messaging Server Free Essays

string(45) " at see if any associated handler is booted\." Contents PeopleSoft Messaging Server Settings Guide1 Contents2 Introduction Introducing the PeopleSoft Messaging Server3 Messaging Server Processes4 Configuring Messaging Servers in PSADMIN4 Understanding Dispatcher Parameters5 Understanding Handler Parameters7 Understanding Integration Broker Parameters8 Minimum and Recommended Values. 9 Edit History10 Introduction Introducing the PeopleSoft Messaging Server PeopleSoft Messaging Services exist on the application server and are the heart of the Integration Broker. Before using Integration Broker, you must configure and start the Messaging Server, aka PUB/SUB. We will write a custom essay sample on Peoplesoft Messaging Server or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the server processes devoted to your messaging system are all part of the larger application server domain, they comprise a distinct set of processes that aren’t involved with the ordinary transactions associated with PIA connections. Six processes of two different types, dispatchers and handlers, are combined in pairs to produce the messaging servers needed for transmitting messages throughout your messaging system. Each messaging server is a different type. A set of three — a publication broker, a publication contractor, and a subscription contractor — constitute the messaging server set required by Integration Broker. Following is a listing of the generic names for the processes: Messaging ServerDispatcher NameHandler Name Publication Broker (BRK)PSBRKDSPPSBRKHND Publication Contractor (PUB)PSPUBDSPPSPUBHND Subscription Contractor (SUB)PSSUBDSPPSSUBHND PeopleSoft delivers default PUB/SUB services with _dflt added to the above naming convention. For example PSBRKDSP_dflt. It is recommended that you use these services unless you have a specific need for dedicated handlers. To boot PUB/SUB use PSADMIN to configure your domain and simply answer Y to the following question at the end of the configuration process: Command to execute (1-7, q) : 4 Do you want the Publish/Subscribe servers configured (y/n)? [y]:y For typical implementations, there is no need to configure custom or additional dedicated messaging servers as the default messaging services will handle all basic messages. Please see the last section of this guide for recommended values More information about managing the application server can be found in the PeopleSoft Server Tools Administration Peoplebook. Additional Information available in Peoplebooks under: Home PeopleBooks Library PeopleSoft Integration Broker Configuring the Messaging Messaging Server Processes There are a variety of server processes devoted to application messaging. If you are not implementing the application messaging technology then you may skip through the delivered, default server processes. The delivered server processes are: †¢PSBRKDSP †¢PSBRKHND †¢PSPUBDSP †¢PSPUBHND †¢PSSUBDSP †¢PSSUBHND These server processes act as brokers, dispatchers, and handlers of the messages in your messaging system. For the purposes of this paper we will divide these into two categories: Dipatchers and Handlers. Configuring Messaging Servers in PSADMIN This section provides overviews of messaging server configuration, dispatcher parameters, and handler parameters. Understanding Messaging Server Configuration Once you create dedicated messaging servers, you must configure their dispatcher and handler processes so they boot when you start the application server. You configure these processes using PSADMIN just as you do any other server process that runs on the application server. Before you attempt to configure additional messaging server processes, you should be familiar with the other server processes that run on the application server. For more information, please see Peoplebooks Working With PSADMIN Menus. As stated earlier, two types of server processes comprise each messaging server: a dispatcher and a handler. Each process type requires you to set a different set of parameters. Most of the parameters are similar to other server processes, such as PSSAPPSRV, but some parameters are specific to messaging servers. Note. The following sections also apply to the _dflt messaging server processes. Only one parameter is different between a dedicated messaging server process and its _dflt counterpart: the Channels parameter, which enables you to add message channels to the channel list. The _dflt server processes can’t be associated with any specific message channel. Understanding Dispatcher Parameters There are three generic process types that are the basis for all dispatcher processes: †¢PSBRKDSP — the publication broker dispatcher. †¢PSPUBDSP — the publication contractor dispatcher. PSSUBDSP — the subscription contractor dispatcher. The following parameters apply to all three process types. Recycle Count Specifies the number of times each dispatcher process will be executed before being terminated (intentionally) by the system and then immediately restarted. Servers must be intermittently recycled to clear buffer areas. The time required to recycle a server is negl igible—occurring in milliseconds. Recycle Count does not translate into a native Tuxedo parameter in the PSAPPSRV. UBB file. Instead the value is stored in memory and is managed by the system. Allowed Consec Service Failures This option allows for dynamic server process restarts in the event of service failures. To enable this option, enter a number greater than zero, and to disable this option enter 0. The default value for this parameter is 2. The value you enter is the number of consecutive service failures that will cause a recycle of the server process. This is a catchall error handling routine that allows a dispatcher to terminate itself if it receives multiple, consecutive, fatal error messages from service routines. Such errors should not occur consecutively, but if they do it indicates that the server process needs to be recycled or cleansed. A â€Å"Retry† message appears when the number of service failures you specified occurs. Handler Status CheckcountHandler check count is used to determine how often the dispatcher should look to get the number of associated handlers. The value of Handler Status Checkcount is the number of cycles that the dispatcher will perform before reading the MIB and getting the number of associated handlers. This comes into play when the number of handlers change (add more, some crash etc. by having the proper count , the dispatcher can queue up messages to the handler more efficiently. Also if there are no handlers, then the dispatcher will not queue up any publications causing the application server log to fill up. For 8. 4 it is simply used to determine if there are any handlers, and if not don’t send the message to the handler. This is to eliminate a ny the informational messages in the appserv. log if the handlers are down. For 8. 42 it is used to merely look at see if any associated handler is booted. You read "Peoplesoft Messaging Server" in category "Essay examples" Going forward 8. 3 it will be used as one of the determinate of how much work should the dispatcher send out at one time. Scan IntervalSpecifies the number of seconds between scans of the work queue when idle. The scan interval is necessary to detect messages published from two-tier connections, because when a message is in the queue the broker server doesn’t receive a notice of the publication. A scan interval is required to make sure that two-tier messages get processed in a timely manner. The scan interval is analogous to the Process Scheduler polling the Process Request table. In addition, the scan interval detects messages that have been resubmitted after an error, for example. Decreasing the scan interval will decrease latency for two-tier publishes and error recovery Ping RateUsed for PSPUBDSP only. After this many seconds of inactivity, the server will scan the database queues and restart any stalled/crashed items. The scan rate and Ping rate (as percentage) will determine the actual interval for pinging any unavailable remote nodes (algorithm used: Attempts * Ping Rate * Scan Inteval). Maximum Ping IntervalThe maximum Ping Interval (in Hours) is the maximum interval between subsequent attempted pings of any unavailable remote nodes. Memory Queue Refresh Rate PeopleSoft Integration Broker maintains current asynchronous messaging queues in system memory for quick access. On rare occasions these cached queues can become corrupted, at which point they must be refreshed from the Integration Broker data tables. The likelihood and frequency of cache corruption depends on a combination of factors specific to your messaging system. If you need to periodically refresh the in-memory queues, you can use this parameter to tailor the frequency of the refresh to fit your situation. Each dispatcher on your system has its own queue. For each queue you set the rate equal to the number of dispatch attempts that must occur before the queue is refreshed. The refresh occurs only when the specified number of dispatch attempts is reached for a given message channel. For example, with a memory queue refresh rate of 8, multiple channels could have up to seven dispatch attempts each without triggering any refresh. The following settings are also significant: †¢A setting of 0 disables the refresh altogether. This is the default value. A setting of 1 triggers a refresh immediately after every dispatch attempt, effectively disabling memory caching. Restart Period Specifies the number of seconds between restart attempts on Started items in the work queue. An item which stays in Started state for more than a few seconds might be stalled — for example, the service request might have been lost, or the handler might have crashed. Decreasing the restart period will reduce the latency for recovering stalled items with a status of Started. However, under high load, items might stay in the Started state longer than normal for valid reasons — all the handlers might be busy, and the handler service request for the item might be queued at the Tuxedo level. Setting the restart period too low will result in redundant restarts — the dispatcher will dispatch the item again, even though the original request is still in the Tuxedo queue. A small number of extra restarts is benign, but at higher volumes, the unnecessary restarts can fill up the queue and block real requests. The formula for a reasonable value for the Restart Period is: ((incoming requests per second) / (# of handlers)) * (average processing time per request) For example, if you have an incoming rate of twenty per second, and you have four handlers, each handler will be busy processing one item and will have four others waiting in the queue. A new item will have to wait for the currently processing item, plus the four enqueued items, before it will be processed. If each item takes 10 seconds to process, the new item will stay in â€Å"started† status for approximately 50 seconds before the handler works on it. If it stays in â€Å"started† status longer, it’s likely that the request to the handler has been lost, and the item should be restarted. Understanding Handler Parameters There are three generic process types that are the basis for all handler processes: †¢PSBRKHND — the publication broker handler. †¢PSPUBHND — the publication contractor handler. †¢PSSUBHND — the subscription contractor handler. The following parameters apply to all three process types. Min Instances Specifies the number of handler server processes started at boot time. Max Instances Specifies the maximum number of handler server processes that can be started or spawned. Service Timeout Specifies the number of seconds a handlers waits for a service request before timing out. Service Timeouts are recorded in the TUXLOG and APPSRV. LOG. In the event of a timeout, the handler terminate itself and Tuxedo automatically restarts the process. Recycle Count Specifies the number of times the system executes each server before PeopleSoft intentionally terminates the process. Server processes must be intermittently recycled to clear buffer areas. The time required to recycle a server is negligible—occurring in milliseconds. Recycle Count does not translate into a native Tuxedo parameter in the PSAPPSRV. UBB file. Instead the value is stored in memory and is managed by PeopleSoft. Allowed Consec Service Failures This option allows for dynamic server process restarts in the event of service failures. To enable this option, enter a number greater than zero, and to disable this option enter 0. The default for this parameter is 2. The numerical value you enter is the number of consecutive service failures that will cause a recycle of the server process. This is a catchall error handling routine that allows a handler to terminate itself if it receives multiple, consecutive, fatal error messages from service routines. Such errors should not occur consecutively, but if they do it indicates that the server process needs to be recycled or cleansed. A â€Å"Retry† message appears when the number of service failures you specified occurs. Max Retries Specifies the maximum number of times the server should attempt to restart a failed action. This parameter prevents a bad item from continuously crashing a handler process — its counter is incremented when the handler sets the status to â€Å"working,† but before it actually starts processing the item. Understanding Integration Broker Parameters The following parameters applies to the Integration Broker technology. Min Message Size for Compression The Min Message Size for Compression parameter enables you to configure the threshold of message before the system compresses the message. Local Compression The integration engine compresses and base64 encodes messages destined for the PeopleSoft listening connector on its local integration gateway, based on a setting for the application server domain in the PSAPPSRV. CFG file, which you can configure using the PSADMIN utility. The setting is a threshold message size, above which messages will be compressed. PSADMIN presents the setting as follows: Values for config section – Integration Broker Min Message Size For Compression=10000 Do you want to change any values (y/n)? [n]: The value is the message size in bytes; the default value is 10000 (10 KB). You can specify a setting of 0 to compress all messages. See Understanding Application Server Domain Parameters. Note. This setting has no effect on the compression of messages that the integration gateway sends using its target connectors. Information Set Profiling information for both Sync and Async processing External Configuration Set External Configuration =Y if you run the Pub/Sub processes on a different domain then where the appserver processes are run for PIA/ PORTAL. This will enhance the Integration Broker performance for Asynchronous processing Minimum and Recommended Values. Specific application server tuning needs vary by customer site based on volume and server capacity. Requests for tuning issues and assistance should be addressed to Peoplesoft Consulting. However, some specific information is available below: PSAPPSRV should have a minimum of 3 instances booted when starting Pub/Sub. PSBRKDSP/HND settings should be sized up. A minumum of 3 instances should be used for all application messaging scenarios. For one particular customer I recommend increasing the PSBRKHND settings to 10/10. Same with the PUB and SUB handler settings: set min/max of 10/10. Other customers have used as many as 20 instances for PSSUBHND. This is generally a tuning issue, and settings vary greatly from site to site. Recycle count: For dispatchers this should always be 0. For Handlers this can be 0, or reduced based on need. A single handler is restarting itself after this number services (this is not the number messages, but the number of calls from the tuxedo service). Setting this too low can create performance problems. When a service recycles itelf, all requests must wait for the handler to come back up and re-submit. It is generally recommended using 0 for this value. Otherwise a high number like 100,000 is recommended unless memory problems are encountered in which case this value can be lowered. Restart Period. Since restart period controls how long before a started item will be resubmitted, dispatcher requests may be resubmitting themselves over and over again resulting in a higher queue number. This can be adjusted by changing Restart Period=5 to a higher number. Customers will need to play with this and monitor results, but setting this to 120 would be better than the delivered 5 second interval, especially when using a lower value recycle count. How to cite Peoplesoft Messaging Server, Essay examples